Topic 1: Introduction to surgery in cancer management

At the end of topic you will be able to define various terms ,describe history of surgery and types of conventional surgeries.


Definition

Surgery is the removal of tumor and surrounding tissue during an operation.

 

Mastectomy. A mastectomy is removing all or part of the breast. Mastectomies are usually done to treat breast cancer. There are several types of mastectomies. They include:

·       Partial (segmental) mastectomy. This involves removing the breast cancer and a larger part of the normal breast tissue around the breast cancer. This surgery is also called breast-conserving surgery.

·       Total (or simple) mastectomy. This involves removing the entire breast, including the nipple, the areola, and most of the overlying skin.

 

·       Modified radical mastectomy. This involves removing the entire breast, including the nipple, the areola, and the overlying skin. The surgeon also removes the lymph nodes under the arm.

Partial colectomy. A partial colectomy is removing part of the large intestine (colon). This may be done to treat cancer of the colon or inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis or diverticulitis.

 

Prostatectomy. A prostatectomy is removing all or part of the prostate gland. The prostate is the sex gland in men that surrounds the neck of the bladder and urethra. A prostatectomy may be done for an enlarged prostate or benign prostatic hyperplasia. Or it may be done if the prostate gland has cancer.

oophorectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one or both of ovaries

salpingo-oophorectomy  removal of an ovary together with the Fallopian tube

total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH-BSO) removal ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus is  the more casual term for such a surgery is ovariohysterectomy

colostomy  surgical procedure that brings one end of the large intestine out through the abdominal wall. one end of the colon is diverted through an incision in the abdominal wall to create a stoma.

 stoma opening in the skin where a pouch for collecting feces is attached.

Exenteration  procedure involving removal of the entire globe and its surrounding structures including muscles, fat, nerves, and eyelids